London Labour and the London Poor, Volume 1
Mayhew, Henry
1861
Of the London Street-Folk.
Of the London Street-Folk.
Those who obtain their living in the streets of the metropolis are a very large and varied class; indeed, the means resorted to in order "to pick up a crust," as the people call it, in the public thoroughfares (and such in many instances it is,) are so multifarious that the mind is long baffled in its attempts to reduce them to scientific order or classification. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
It would appear, however, that the streetpeople may be all arranged under distinct genera or kinds. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
These are severally:
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The of these divisions—the STREET- SELLERS—includes many varieties; viz.— | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —"wet," "dry," and shell-fish—and poultry, game, and cheese. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , fruit (both "green" and "dry"), flowers, trees, shrubs, seeds, and roots, and "green stuff" (as watercresses, chickweed and grun'sel, and turf). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , —including the vendors of fried fish, hot eels, pickled whelks, sheep's trotters, ham sandwiches, peas'--soup, hot green peas, penny pies, plum "duff," meat-puddings, baked potatoes, spicecakes, muffins and crumpets, buns, sweetmeats, brandy-balls, cough drops, and cat and dog's meat—such constituting the principal eatables sold in the street; while under the head of street-drinkables may be specified tea and coffee, ginger-beer, lemonade, hot wine, new milk from the cow, asses milk, curds and whey, and occasionally water. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —among whom are comprised the flying stationers, or standing and running patterers; the long-song-sellers; the wallsong- sellers (or "pinners-up," as they are technically termed); the ballad sellers; the vendors of playbills, editions of newspapers, back numbers of periodicals and old books, almanacks, pocket books, memorandum books, note paper, sealing-wax, pens, pencils, stenographic cards, valentines, engravings, manuscript music, images, and gelatine poetry cards. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , which class comprises a large number of individuals, as, () the vendors of chemical articles of manufacture—viz., blacking, lucifers, cornsalves, grease-removing compositions, platingballs, poison for rats, crackers, detonating-balls, and cigar-lights. () The vendors of metal articles of manufacture—razors and pen-knives, tea-trays, dog-collars, and key-rings, hardware, bird-cages, small coins, medals, jewellery, tinware, tools, card-counters, red-herring-toasters, trivets, gridirons, and Dutch ovens. () The vendors of china and stone articles of manufacture—as cups and saucers, jugs, vases, chimney ornaments, and stone fruit. () The vendors of linen, cotton, and silken articles of manufacture —as sheeting, table-covers, cotton, tapes and thread, boot and stay-laces, haberdashery, pretended smuggled goods, shirt-buttons, etc., etc.; and () the vendors of miscellaneous articles of manufacture—as cigars, pipes, and snuff-boxes, spectacles, combs, "lots," rhubarb, sponges, wash-leather, paper-hangings, dolls, Bristol toys, sawdust, and pin-cushions. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , of whom there are again separate classes; as () those who sell old metal articles—viz. old knives and forks, keys, tin-ware, tools, and marine stores generally; () those who sell old linen articles—as old sheeting for towels: () those who sell old glass and crockery—including bottles, old pans and pitchers, old looking glasses, &c.; and () those who sell old miscellaneous articles—as old shoes, old clothes, old saucepan lids, &c., &c. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —including the dealers in dogs, squirrels, birds, gold and silver fish, and tortoises. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —as red and white sand, silver sand, coals, coke, salt, spar ornaments, and shells. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
These, so far as my experience goes, exhaust the whole class of street-sellers, and they appear to constitute nearly -fourths of the entire number of individuals obtaining a subsistence in the streets of London. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The next class are the STREET-BUYERS, under which denomination come the purchasers of hareskins, old clothes, old umbrellas, bottles, glass, broken metal, rags, waste paper, and dripping. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
After these we have the STREET-FINDERS, or those who, as I said before, literally "pick up" their living in the public thoroughfares. They are the "pure" pickers, or those who live by gathering dogs'--dung; the cigar-end finders, or "hardups," as they are called, who collect the refuse pieces of smoked cigars from the gutters, and having dried them, sell them as tobacco to the very poor; the dredgermen or coal-finders; the mud-larks, the bone-grubbers; and the sewerhunters. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Under the division, or that of the STREET-PERFORMERS, ARTISTS, AND SHOW- MEN, are likewise many distinct callings. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , who admit of being classified into () mountebanks—or those who enact puppet-shows, as Punch and Judy, the fan- | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | toccini, and the Chinese shades. () The streetperformers of feats of strength and dexterity— as "acrobats" or posturers, "equilibrists" or balancers, stiff and bending tumblers, jugglers, conjurors, sword-swallowers, "salamanders" or fire-eaters, swordsmen, etc. () The streetperformers with trained animals—as dancing dogs, performing monkeys, trained birds and mice, cats and hares, sapient pigs, dancing bears, and tame camels. () The street-actors—as clowns, "Billy Barlows," "Jim Crows," and others. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , including shows of () extraordinary persons—as giants, dwarfs, Albinoes, spotted boys, and pig-faced ladies. () Extraordinary animals—as alligators, calves, horses and pigs with legs or heads, industrious fleas, and happy families. () Philosophic instruments—as the microscope, telescope, thaumascope. () Measuring-machines—as weighing, lifting, measuring, and striking machines; and () miscellaneous shows—such as peep-shows, glass ships, mechanical figures, wax-work shows, pugilistic shows, and fortunetelling apparatus. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —as black profile-cutters, blind paper-cutters, "screevers" or draughtsmen in coloured chalks on the pavement, writers without hands, and readers without eyes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —as street Scotch girls, sailors, slack and tight rope dancers, dancers on stilts, and comic dancers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —as the street bands (English and German), players of the guitar, harp, bagpipes, hurdy-gurdy, dulcimer, musical bells, cornet, tom-tom, &c. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , as the singers of glees, ballads, comic songs, nigger melodies, psalms, serenaders, reciters, and improvisatori. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , as swings, highflyers, roundabouts, puff-and-darts, rifle shooting, down the dolly, spin-'em-rounds, prick the garter, thimble-rig, etc. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Then comes the Division of the Street- Folk, viz., the STREET-ARTIZANS, or WORKING PEDLARS; | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
These may be severally arranged into distinct groups—() Those who things in the streets; () Those who things in the streets; and () Those who things and them in the | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. Of there are the following varieties: () the metal workers—such as toasting-fork makers, pin makers, engravers, tobacco-stopper makers. () The textile-workers—stocking-weavers, cabbage-net makers, night-cap knitters, doll-dress knitters. () The miscellaneous workers,—the wooden spoon makers, the leather brace and garter makers, the printers, and the glass-blowers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , consist of broken china and glass menders, clock menders, umbrella menders, kettle menders, chair menders, grease removers, hat cleaners, razor and knife grinders, glaziers, travelling bell hangers, and knife cleaners. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. , are () the wood workers—as the makers of clothes-pegs, clothes-props, skewers, needle--cases, foot--stools and clothes--horses, chairs and tables, tea-caddies, writing-desks, drawers, work-boxes, dressing-cases, pails and tubs. () The trunk, hat, and bonnet-box makers, and the cane and rush basket makers. () The toy makers—such as Chinese roarers, children's windmills, flying birds and fishes, feathered cocks, black velvet cats and sweeps, paper houses, cardboard carriages, little copper pans and kettles, tiny tin fireplaces, children's watches, Dutch dolls, buy-a-brooms, and guttapercha heads. () The apparel makers—viz., the makers of women's caps, boys and men's cloth caps, night-caps, straw bonnets, children's dresses, watch-pockets, bonnet shapes, silk bonnets, and gaiters. () The metal workers,— as the makers of fire-guards, bird-cages, the wire workers. () The miscellaneous workers —or makers of ornaments for stoves, chimney ornaments, artificial flowers in pots and in nosegays, plaster--of- Paris night--shades, brooms, brushes, mats, rugs, hearthstones, firewood, rush matting, and hassocks. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Of the last division, or STREET-LABOURERS, there are classes: | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —such as scavengers, nightmen, flushermen, chimney-sweeps, dustmen, crossing-sweepers, "street-orderlies," labourers to sweeping-machines and to watering-carts. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —or the turncocks and the lamplighters. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —viz., the billstickers, bill-deliverers, boardmen, men to advertising vans, and wall and pavement stencillers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
. —as horse holders, linkmen, coach-hirers, street-porters, shoe-blacks. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||