The shape of [extra_illustrations.1.262.1]  has been compared to that of a bow and a string. The south side is the bow, the north the string. The booksellers overflowing from mustered strong here, till the Fire scared them off to , from whence they regurgitated to the Row. At the sign of the

White Greyhound

Flower de Luce

Crown

Green Dragon,

Fox,

Angel,

Gun,

Red Bull,

The ground-plot of the Cathedral is acres perches feet. The western area of the churchyard marks the site of St. Gregory's Church. On the mean statue of Queen Anne a scurrilous epigram was once written by some ribald Jacobite, who spoke of the queen--

With her face to the brandy-shop and her back to the church.

The precinct wall of ran from Ave Maria Lane eastward along to the old Exchange, , and then southwards to , at the end of which it turned to Ludgate Archway. In the reign of Edward II. the Dean and Chapter, finding the precinct a resort of thieves and courtesans, rebuilt and purified it. Within, at the north-west corner, stood the bishop's palace, beyond which, eastward, was Pardon Churchyard and Becket Chapel, rebuilt with a stately

The railings of the churchyard and the ornamental gates, weighing altogether tons, were cast in Kent, and cost a pound. The whole cost

In was the scene of the execution of Father Garnet, of the Gunpowder Plot conspirators--the only execution, as far as we know, that ever desecrated that spot. t is very doubtful, after all, whether Garnet was cognizant that the plot was really to be carried out, though he may have strongly suspected some dangerous and deadly conspiracy, and the Roman Catholics were prepared to see miracles wrought at his death.

On the (to condense Dr. Abbott's account), Garnet was drawn upon a hurdle, according to the usual practice, to his place of execution. The Recorder of London, the Dean of , and the Dean of Winchester were present, by command of the King--the former in the King's name, and the latter in the name of God and Christ, to assist Garnet with such advice as suited the condition of a dying man. As soon as he had ascended the scaffold, which was much elevated in order that the people might behold the spectacle, Garnet saluted the Recorder somewhat familiarly, who told him that it was expected from him that he hould publicly deliver his real opinion respecting the conspiracy and treason; that it was now of no use to dissemble, as all was clearly and manifestly proved; but that if, in the true spirit of repent- Dance, he was willing to satisfy the Christian world by declaring his hearty compunction, he might freely state what he pleased.

The deans then told him that they were present on that occasion by authority, in order to suggest to him such matters as might be useful for his soul; that they desired to do this without offence, and exhorted him to prepare and settle himself for another world, and to commence his reconciliation with God by a sincere and saving repentance. To this exhortation Garnet replied

The clergymen then suggested that he would do well to declare his mind to the people.

I always disapproved of tumults and seditions against the king, and if this crime of the powder treason had been completed I should have abhorred it with my whole soul and conscience.

I am very weak,

and my voice fails me. If I should speak to the people, I cannot make them hear me; it is impossible that they should hear me.

Mr. Garnet, if you will come with me, I will take care that they shall hear you,

My good fellow-citizens,--I am come hither, on the morrow of the invention of the Holy Cross, to see an end of all my pains and troubles in this world. I here declare before you all that I consider the late treason and conspiracy against the State to be cruel and detestable; and, for my part, all designs and endeavours against the king were ever misliked by me; and if this attempt had been perfected, as it was designed, I think it would have been altogether damnable; and I pray for all prosperity to the king, the queen, and the royal family.

I do so,

as far as I have sinned

against him-namely, in that I did not reveal that whereof I had a general knowledge from Mr. Catesby, but not otherwise.

Mr. Garnet, I pray you deal clearly in the matter: you were certainly privy to the whole business.

God forbid!

I never understood anything of the design of blowing up the Parliament House.

Nay,

it is manifest that all the particulars were known to you, and you have declared under your own hand that Greenaway told you all the circumstances in Essex.

That,

was in secret confession, which I could by no means reveal.

You have yourself, Mr. Garnet, almost acknowledged that this was only a pretence, for you have openly confessed that Greenaway told you not in a confession, but by way of a confession, and that he came of purpose to you with the design of making a confession; but you answered that it was not necessary you should know the full extent of his knowledge.

Most certainly,

I did so in order to prevent it, for I always misliked it.

You only withheld your approbation until the Pope had given his opinion.

But I was well persuaded,

that the Pope would never approve the design.

Your intention,

was clear from those

two

breves which you received from Rome for the exclusion of the King.

That,

was before the King came in.

But if you knew nothing of the particulars of the business,

why did you send Baynham to inform the Pope? for this also you have confessed in your examinations.

I have already answered to all these matters on my trial, and I acknowledge everything that is contained in my written confessions.

Then, turning his discourse again to the people, at the instance of the Recorder, he proceeded to

that he wholly misliked that cruel and inhuman design, and that he had never sanctioned or approved of any such attempts against the King and State, and that this project, if it had succeeded, would have been in his mind most damnable.

Having thus spoken, he raised his hands, and made the sign of the cross upon his forehead and breast, saying,

In nomine Patris, Fillii, et Spiritus Sancti! Jesus Maria! Maria, mater gratiae! Mater misericordiae! Tu me ab hoste protege, et hora mortis suscipe!

In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum, quia tu redemisti me, Domine, Deus veritatis!

Per crucis hoc signum fugiat procul omne malignum! Infige crucem tuam, Domine, in corde meo;

Jesus Maria! Maria, mater gratiae!

The

face in the straw

The original fabricator of the miracle of the straw was John Wilkinson, a young Roman Catholic, who at the time of Garnet's trial and execution was about to pass over into France, to commence his studies at the Jesuits' College at St. Omer's. Some time after his arrival there, Wilkinson was attacked by a dangerous disease, from which there was no hope of his recovery; and while in this state he gave utterance to the story, which Endaemon- Joannes relates in his own words, as follows:--

The day before Father Garnet's execution my mind was suddenly impressed (as by some external impulse) with a strong desire to witness his death, and bring home with me some relic of him. I had at that time conceived so certain a persuasion that my design would be gratified, that I did not for a moment doubt that I should witness some immediate testimony from God in favour of the innocence of his saint; though as often as the idea occurred

to my mind, I endeavoured to drive it away, that I might not vainly appear to tempt Providence by looking for a miracle where it was not necessarily to be expected. Early the next morning I betook myself to the place of execution, and, arriving there before any other person, stationed myself close to the scaffold, though I was afterwards somewhat forced from my position as the crowd increased.

Garnet's limbs having been divided into

four

parts, and placed, together with the head, in a basket, in order that they might be exhibited, according to law, in some conspicuous place, the crowd began to disperse. I then again approached close to the scaffold, and stood between the cart and place of execution; and as I lingered in that situation, still burning with the desire of bearing away some relic, that miraculous ear of straw, since so highly celebrated,came, I know not how, into my hand. A considerable quantity of dry straw had been thrown with Garnet's head and quarters into the basket, but whether this ear came into my hand from the scaffold or from the basket I cannot venture to affirm; this only I can truly say, that a straw of this kind was thrown towards me before it had touched the ground. This straw I afterwards delivered to Mrs. N----, a matron of singular Catholic piety, who inclosed it in a bottle, which being rather shorter than the straw, it became slightly bent. A few days afterwards Mrs. N----showed the straw in a bottle to a certain noble person, her intimate acquaintance, who, looking at it attentively, at length said,

I can see nothing in it but a man's face.

Mrs. Nand myself being astonished at this unexpected exclamation, again and again examined the ear of the straw, and distinctly perceived in it a human countenance, which others also, coming in as casual spectators, or expressly called by us as witnesses, likewise beheld at that time. This is, as God knoweth, the true history of Father Garnet's straw.

miracle

At , , north-west corner, lived the worthy predecessor of Messrs. Grant and Griffith, Goldsmith's friend and employer, Mr. John Newbery, that good-natured man with the red-pimpled face, who, as the philanthropic bookseller, figures pleasantly in the always in haste to be gone, he was ever on business of the utmost importance, and was at that time actually compiling materials for the history of Thomas Trip.

The friend of tall mankind,

The honestest man in the nation,

The office of the Registrar of the High Court of Admiralty occupied the site of the old cathedral bakehouse. is so called from a chain that used to be drawn across the carriage-way of the churchyard, to preserve silence during divine service. The northern barrier of is of wood. Opposite the Chain, in (the Restoration), lived that king of writing and arithmetic masters, the man whose name has grown into a proverb-Edward Cocker--who wrote an extraordinary proof of true eye and clever hand.

In the Chapter House of , which Mr. Peter Cunningham not too severely calls

a shabby, dingy-looking building,

Coffee House stood at the corner of the archway of , on the site of

Paul's Brew House

Paul's Head

after dinner;

Child's Coffee House, in , was a quiet place, much frequented by the clergy of Queen Anne's reign, and by proctors from . Addison used to look in-there, to smoke a pipe and listen, behind his paper, to the conversation.--In the , No. , he smiles at a country gentleman who mistook all persons in scarves for doctors of divinity. This was at a. time when clergymen always wore their black gowns in

Only a scarf of the

first

magnitude,

entitles

one

to the appellation of

doctor

from the landlady and the boy at

Child's.

Child's

Child's,

Because they durst not choose a heretic.

Garrick, who kept up his interest with different coteries, carefully cultivated the City men, by attending a club held at the

Queen's Arms

patriotic.

Queen's Arms

very sensible, well-behaved men.

I belonged,

to a sixpenny card club, at the

Queen's Arms,

in

St. Paul's Churchyard

; it consisted of about

twenty

members, of whom I am the sole survivor. Among them was Mr. Goodwin, of

St. Paul's Churchyard

, a woollen draper, whose constant salutation, when he

first

came down-stairs in the morning, was to his shop, in these words,

Good morrow, Mr. Shop; you'll take care of me, Mr. Shop, and I'll take care of you.

Another was Mr. Curtis, a respectable stationer, who from very small beginnings left his son

£ 90,000

in

one

line, besides an estate of near

£ 300

a year.

The

Free and Easy under the Rose

was another society which I frequented. It was founded

sixty

years ago, at the

Queen's Arms,

in

St. Paul's Churchyard

, and was afterwards removed to the

Horn

tavern. It was originally kept by Bates, who was never so happy as when standing behind a chair with a napkin under his arm; but arriving at the dignity of alderman, tucking in his callipash and calipee himself, instead of handing it round to the company, soon did his business. My excellent friend Briskett, the Marshal of the High Court of Admiralty, was president of this society for many years, and I was constantly in attendance as his vice. It consisted of some

thousand

members, and I never heard of any

one

of them that ever incurred any serious punishment. Our great fault was sitting too late; in this respect, according to the principle of Franklin, that

time is money,

we were most unwary spendthrifts; in other instances, our conduct was orderly and correct.

of the members in Brasbridge's time was Mr. Hawkins, a worthy but ill-educated spatterdash maker, of , who daily murdered the king's English. He called an invalid an

individual,

manured

Liver and Gizzard.

Sir Benjamin.

The Churchyard publisher of Cowper's volume of poems, and also of was a very worthy, liberal man Joseph Johnson, who also published the for Newton, the scientific writings of the persecuted Priestley, and the smooth, vapid verses of Darwin. Johnson encouraged Fuseli to paint a Milton Gallery, for an edition of the poet to be edited by Cowper. Johnson was imprisoned months in the King's Bench, for selling the political writings of Gilbert Wakefield. He, however, bore the oppression of the majority philosophically, and rented the marshal's house, where he gave dinners to his distinguished literary friends.

Another set of my acquaintances,

used to assemble on Fridays at the hospitable table of Mr. Hunter, the bookseller, in St. Paul's Churchyard. They were the survivors of the literary party that were accustomed to dine with his predecessor, Mr. Johnson. The most regular were Fuseli and Bonnycastle. Now and then Godwin was present; oftener Mr. Kinnaird, the magistrate, a great lover of Horace.

Fuseli was a small man, with energetic features and a white head of hair. Our host's daughter, then a little girl, used to call him the white-headed lion. He combed his hair up from the forehead, and as his whiskers were large his face was set in a kind of hairy frame, which, in addition to the fierceness of his look, really gave him an aspect of that sort. Otherwise his features were rather sharp than round. He would have looked much like an old military officer if his face, besides its real energy, had not affected more. There was the same defect in it as in his pictures. Conscious of not having all the strength he wished, he endeavoured to make up for it by violence and pretension. He carried this so far as to look fiercer than usual when he sat for his picture. His friend and engraver, Mr. Houghton, drew an admirable likeness of him in this state of dignified extravagance. He is sitting back in his chair, leaning on his hand, but looking ready to pounce withal. His notion of repose was like that of Pistol.

A student reading in a garden is all over intensity of muscle, and the quiet tea-table scene in Cowper he has turned into a preposterous conspiracy of huge men and women, all bent on showing their thews and postures, with dresses as fantastic as their minds. One gentleman, of the existence of whose trousers you are not aware till you see the terminating line at the ankle, is sitting and looking grim on a sofa, with his hat on and no waistcoat.

Fuseli was lively and interesting in conversation, but not without his usual faults of violence and pretension. Nor was he always as decorous as an old man ought to be, especially one whose turn of mind is not of the lighter and more pleasurable cast. The licences he took were coarse, and had not sufficient regard to his company. Certainly they went a great deal beyond his friend Armstrong, to whose account, I believe, Fuseli's passion for swearing was laid. The poet condescended to be a great swearer, and Fuseli thought it energetic to swear like him. His friendship with Bonnycastle had something childlike and agreeable in it. They came and went away together for years, like a couple of old schoolboys. They also like boys rallied one another, and sometimes made a singular display of it-Fuseli, at least, for it was he who was the aggressor.

Bonnycastle was a good fellow. He was a tall, gaunt, long-headed man, with large features and spectacles, and a deep internal voice, with a twang of rusticity in it; and he goggled over his plate like a horse. I often thought that a bag of corn would have hung well on him. His laugh was equine, and showed his teeth upwards at the sides. Wordsworth, who notices similar mysterious manifestations on the part of donkeys, would have thought it ominous. Bonnycastle was extremely fond of quoting Shakespeare and telling stories, and if the Edinburgh Review had just come out, would have given us all the jokes in it. He had once a hypochondriacal disorder of long duration, and he told us that he should never forget the comfortable sensation given him one night during this disorder by his knocking a landlord that was insolent to him down the man's staircase. On the strength of this piece of energy (having first ascertained that the offender was not killed) he went to bed, and had a sleep of unusual soundness.

It was delightful one day to hear him speak with complacency of a translation which had appeared in Arabic, and which began by saying, on the part of the translator, that it pleased God, for the advancement of human knowledge, to raise us up a Bonnycastle.

Kinnaird, the magistrate, was a sanguine man, under the middle height, with a fine lamping black eye, lively to the last, and a body that had increased, was increasing, and ought to have been diminished, which is by no means what he thought of the prerogative. Next to his bottle, he was fond of his Horace, and, in the intervals of business at the police office, would enjoy both in his arm-chair. Between the vulgar calls of this kind of magistracy and the perusal of the urbane Horace there must have been a quota of contradiction, which the bottle, perhaps, was required to render quite palatable.

Mr. Charles Knight's pleasant book, also reminds us of another of the great Churchyard booksellers, John Rivington and Sons, at the

Bible and Crown.

In (says Sir John Hawkins, in his ) were formerly many shops where music and musical instruments were sold, for which, at this time, no better reason can be given than that the service at the Cathedral drew together, twice a day, all the lovers of music in London--not to mention that the choirmen were wont to assemble there, and were met by their friends and acquaintances.

Jeremiah Clark, a composer of sacred music, who shot himself in his house in , was educated in the Royal Chapel, under Dr. Blow, who entertained so great a friendship for him as to resign in his favor his place of Master of the Children and Almoner of , Clark being appointed his successor, in , and shortly afterwards he became organist of the cathedral.

In

July, 1700

,

he and his fellow pupils were appointed Gentlemen Extraordinary of the Royal Chapel; and in 1704 they were jointly admitted to the place of organist thereof, in the room of Mr. Francis Piggot. Clark had the misfortune to entertain a hopeless passion for a very beautiful lady, in a station of life far above him; his despair of success threw him into a deep melancholy; in short, he grew weary of his life, and on the first day of December, 1701, shot himself. He was determined upon this method of putting an end to his life by an event which, strange as it may seem, is attested by the late Mr. Samuel Weeley, one of the lay vicars of St. Paul's, who was very intimate with him, and had heard him relate it. Being at the house of a friend in the country, he took an abrupt resolution to return to London; this friend having observed in this bahviour marks of great dejection, furnished him with a horse and a servant. Riding along the road, a fit of melancholy seized him, upon which he alighted, and giving the servant his horse to hold, went into a field, in a corner whereof was a pond, and also trees, and began a debate with himself whether he should then end his days by hanging or drowning. Not being able to resolve on either, he thought of making what he looked upon as chance the umpire, and drew out of his pocket a piece of money, and tossing it into the air, it came down on its edge, and stuck in the clay. Though the determination answered not his wish, it was far from ambiguous, as it seemed to forbid both methods of destruction, and would have given unspeakable comfort to a mind less disordered than his was. Being thus interrupted in his purpose, he returned, and mounting his horse, rode on to London, and in a short time after shot himself. He dwelt in a house in St. Paul's Churchyard, situate on the place where the Chapter-house now stands. Old Mr. Reading was passing by at the instant the pistol went off, and entering the house, found his friend in the agonies of death.

The compositions of Clark are few. His anthems are remarkably pathetic, at the same time that they preserve the dignity and majesty of the church style. The most celebrated of them are I will love thee, printed in the second book of the Harmonia Sacra; Bow down thine ear, and Praise the Lord, 0 Jerusalem.

The only works of Clark published by himself are lessons for the harpsichord and sundry songs, which are to be found in the collections of that day, particularly in the Pills to Purge Melancholy, but they are there printed without the basses. He also composed for D'Urfey's comedy of The Fond Husband, or the Plotting Sisters, that sweet ballad air, The bonny grey-eyed Morn, which Mr. Gay has introduced into The Beggar's Opera, and is sung to the words, 'Tis woman that seduces all mankind.

Mattheson, of Hamburg,

had sent over to England, in order to their being published here,

two

collections of lessons for the harpsichord, and they were accordingly engraved on copper, and printed for Richard Meares, in

St. Paul's Churchyard

, and published in the year

1714

. Handel was at this time in London, and in the afternoon was used to frequent

St. Paul's Church

for the sake of hearing the service, and of playing on the organ after it was over; from whence he and some of the gentlemen of the choir would frequently adjourn to the

Queen's Arms

tavern, in

St. Paul's Churchyard

, where was a harpsichord. It happened

one

afternoon, when they were thus met together, Mr. Weeley, a gentleman of the choir, came in and informed them that Mr. Mattheson's lessons were then to be had at Mr. Meares's shop; upon which Mr. Handel ordered them immediately to be sent for, and upon their being brought, played them all over without rising from the instrument.

There dwelt,

at the west corner of London House Yard, in St. Paul's Churchyard, at the sign of the Dolphin and Crown, one John Young, a maker of violins and other musical instruments. This man had a son, whose Christian name was Talbot, who had been brought up with Greene in St. Paul's choir, and had attained to great proficiency on the violin, as Greene had on the harpsichord. The merits of the two Youngs, father and son, are celebrated in the following quibbling verses, which were set to music in the form of a catch, printed in the pleasant Musical Companion, published in 1726:-- You scrapers that want a good fiddle well strung, You must go to the man that is old while he's young; But if this same fiddle you fain would play bold, You must go to his son, who'll be young when he's old. There's old Young and young Young, both men of renown, Old sells and young plays the best fiddle in town. Young and old live together, and may they live long, Young to play an old fiddle, old to sell a new song.

This young man, Talbot Young, together with Execution of Father Garnet (see page 265). Greene and several persons, had weekly meetings at his father's house, for practice of music. The fame of this performance spread far and wide; and in a few winters the resort of gentlemen performers was greater than the house would admit of; a small subscription was set on foot, and they removed to the Queen's Head tavern, in Paternoster Row. Here they were joined by Mr. Woolaston and his friends, and also by a Mr. Franckville, a fine performer on the viol de Gamba. And after a few winters, being grown rich enough to hire additional performers, they removed, in the year 1724, to the Castle, in Paternoster Row, which was adorned with a picture of Mr. Young, painted by Woolaston. Old St. Paul's School (see page 272).

The Castle concerts continuing to flourish for many years, auditors as well as performers were admitted subscribers, and tickets were delivered out to the members in rotation for the admission of ladies. Their fund enabling them, they hired second-rate singers from the operas, and many young persons of professions and trades that depended upon a numerous acquaintance, were induced by motives of interest to become members of the Castle concert.

Mr. Young continued to perform in this society till the declining state of his health obliged him to quit it; after which time Prospero Castrucci and other eminent performers in succession continued to lead the band. About the year 1744, at the instance of an alderman of London, now deservedly forgotten, the subscription was raised from two guineas to five, for the purpose of performing oratorios. From the Castle this society removed to Haberdashers' Hall, where they continued for fifteen or sixteen years; from thence they removed to the King's Arms, in Cornhill.

A curious old advertisement of relates to St. :--

Whereas the yearly meeting of the name of Adam hath of late, through the deficiency of the last stewards, been neglected, these are to give notice to all gentlemen and others that are of that name that at William Adam's, commonly called the

Northern Ale-house,

in St.

Paul's Alley

, in

St. Paul's Churchyard

, there will be a weekly meeting, every Monday night, of our namesakes, between the hours of

six

and

eight

of the clock in the evening, in order to choose stewards to revive our antient and annual feast.

During the building of , Wren was the zealous Master of the Freemason's Lodge, which assembled at the

Goose and Gridiron,

At the

Apple Tree

Tavern,

Inn and Tavern Signs,

in Charles Street, Covent Garden, in 1716, four of the leading London Freemasons' lodges, considering themselves neglected by Sir Christopher Wren, met and chose a Grand Master, pro tem., until they should be able to place a noble brother at the head, which they did the year following, electing the Duke of Montague. Sir Christopher had been chosen in 1698. The three lodges that joined with the Apple Tree lodge used to meet respectively at the Goose and Gridiron, St. Paul's Churchyard; the Crown, Parker's Lane; and at the Rummer and Grapes Tavern, Westminster. The Goose and Gridiron occurs at Woodhall, Lincolnshire, and in a few other localities. It is said to owe its origin to the following circumstances :--The Mitre was a celebrated music-house in London House Yard, at the north-west end of St. Paul's. When it ceased to be a music-house, the succeeding landlord, to ridicule its former destiny, chose for his sign a goose striking the bars of a gridiron with his foot, in ridicule of the Swan and Harp, a common sign for the early music-houses. Such an origin does the Tatler give; but it may also be a vernacular reading of the coat of arms of the Company of Musicians, suspended probably at the door of the Mitre when it was a music-house. These arms are a swan with his wings expanded, within a double tressure, counter, flory, argent. This double tressure might have suggested a gridiron to unsophisticated passers-by.

The celebrated Mitre, near the west end of St. Paul's, was the first music-house in London. The name of the master was Robert Herbert, alias Farges. Like many brother publicans, he was, besides being a lover of music, also a collector of natural curiosities, as appears by his Catalogue of many natural rarities, collected with great industrie, cost, and thirty years' travel into foreign countries, collected by Robert Herbert, alias Farges, gent., and sworn servant to his Majesty; to be seen at the place called the Music-house, at the Mitre, near the west end of S. Paul's Church, 1664. This collection, or, at least, a great part of it, was bought by Sir Hans Sloane. It is conjectured that the Mitre was situated in London House Yard, at the north-west end of St. Paul's, on the spot where afterwards stood the house known by the sign of the Goose and Gridiron.

[extra_illustrations.1.272.1] , known to cathedral visitors chiefly by that murky, barred-in, purgatorial playground opposite the east end of Wren's great edifice, is of considerable antiquity, for it was [extra_illustrations.1.272.2]  by that zealous patron of learning, and friend of [extra_illustrations.1.272.3] , Dean Colet. This liberalminded man was the eldest of children, all of whom, he survived. His father was a City mercer, who was twice Lord Mayor of London. Colet became Dean of in , and soon afterwards (as Latimer tells us) narrowly escaped burning for his opposition to image--worship. Having no near relatives, Colet, in , began to found School, adapted to receive poor boys (the number of fishes taken by Peter in the miraculous draught). The building is said to have cost , and was endowed with lands in Buckinghamshire estimated by Stow, in , as of the yearly value of or better, and now worth , with a certainty of rising.

No children were to be admitted into the school but such as could say their catechism, and read and write competently. Each child was required

who swept the school and kept the seats clean. The hours of study were to be from

seven

till

eleven

in the morning, and from

one

to

five

in the afternoon, with prayers in the morning, at noon, and in the evening. It was expressly stipulated that the pupils should never use tallow candles, but only wax, and those

The most remarkable statute of the school is that by which the scholars were bound

that there was no absolute certainty in human affairs, but, for his part, he found less corruption in such a body of citizens than in-any other order or degree of mankind.

[extra_illustrations.1.273.1] , after describing the foundation and the school, which he calls

a magnificent structure, to which were attached

two

dwelling-houses for the masters,

He divided the school into

four

chambers. The

first

-namely, the porch and entrance--in which the chaplain teaches, where no child is to be admitted who cannot read and write; the

second

apartment is for those who are taught by the under-master; the

third

is for the boys of the upper form, taught by the high master. These

two

parts of the school are divided by a curtain, to be drawn at will. Over the headmaster's chair is an image of the boy Jesus, a beautiful work, in the gesture of teaching, whom all the scholars, going and departing, salute with a hymn. There is a representation of God the Father, also, saying,

Hear ye him,

which words were written at my suggestion.

The last apartment is a little chapel for divine service. In the whole school there are no corners or hiding-places; neither a dining nor a sleeping place. Each boy has his own place,

one

above another. Every class or form contains

sixteen

boys, and he that is at the head of a class has a little seat, by way of pre-eminence.

Erasmus, who took a great interest in School, drew up a grammar, and other elementary books of value, for his' friend Colet, who had for of his masters William Lily,

the model of grammarians.

The school thus described shared in the Great [extra_illustrations.1.273.4]  Company in . This structure was superseded by the [extra_illustrations.1.273.2]  designed and erected by George Smith, Esq., the architect of the Mercers' Company. It has the advantage of additional masters' houses, and a large cloister for a playground underneath the school.

On occasions of the sovereigns of England, or other royal or distinguished persons, going in state through the City, a balcony is erected in front of this building, whence addresses from the school are presented to the illustrious visitors by the head boys. The origin of this right or custom of the Paulines is not known, but it is of some antiquity. Addresses were so presented to Charles V. and Henry VIII., in ; to Queen Elizabeth, ; and to Queen Victoria, when the was opened, in . Her Majesty, however, preferred to receive the address at the next levee; and this precedent was followed when the multitudes of London rushed to welcome the Prince of Wales and Princess Alexandra, in .

The ancient school-room was on a level with the street, [extra_illustrations.1.273.3]  is built over the cloister. It is a finely-proportioned apartment, and has several new class-rooms adjoining, erected upon a plan proposed by Dr. Kynaston, the present headmaster. At the south end of this noble room, above the master's chair, is a bust of the founder by Roubiliac. Over the seat is inscribed,

Intendas animum studiis et rebus honestis,

Doce, disce, aut discede.

School has an excellent library immediately adjoining the school-room, to which the class have access out of school-hours, the seniors occupying places in it in school-time.

In the masters' stipends were enlarged, and the surplus money set apart for college exhibitions. The head master receives a year, the master . The education is entirely gratuitous. The presentations to the school are in the gift of the Master of the Mercers' Company, which company has undoubtedly much limited Dean Colet's generous intentions. The school is rich in prizes and exhibitions. The latest chronicler of the Paulines says :--

Few public schools can claim to have educated more men who figure prominently in English history than

St. Paul's

School. Sir Edward North, founder of the noble family of that name; Sir William Paget, who from being the son of a serjeantat- mace became privy councillor to

four

successive sovereigns, and acquired the title now held by his descendant, the owner of Beaudesert; and John

Leland, the celebrated archaeologist; William Whitaker,

one

of the earliest and most prominent chaplains of the Reformation; William Camden, antiquarian and herald; the immortal John Milton; Samuel Pepys; Robert Nelson, author of the

Companion to the Festivals and Fasts of the Church of England;

Dr. Benjamin Calamy; Sir John Trevor, Master of the Rolls and Speaker of the

House of Commons

; John, the great Duke of Marlborough; Halley, the great astronomer; the gallant but unfortunate Major Andre; Sir Philip Francis; Sir Charles Wetherell; Sir Frederick Pollock, the late Lord Chief Baron; Lord Chancellor Truro; and the distinguished Greek Professor at Oxford, Benjamin Jowett.

Pepys seems to have been very fond of his old school. In , he goes on [extra_illustrations.1.274.1]  to hear his brother John deliver his speech, which he had corrected; and on another occasion, meeting his old master, Crumbun--a dogmatic old pedagogue, as he calls him-at a bookseller's in the Churchyard, he gives the school a fine copy of Stephens' In , going to the Mercers' Hall in the Lord Admiral's coach, we find him expressing pleasure at going in state to the place where as a boy he had himself humbly pleaded for an exhibition to School.

According to Dugdale, an ancient cathedral school existed at . Bishop Balmeis (Henry I.) bestowed on it

the house of Durandus, near the Bell Tower;

The old laws of Dean Colet, containing many curious provisions and restrictions, among other things forbad cock-fighting

and other pageantry

but the saint robbed his Master of the title.

Paul's pigeons,

Anthony's pigs.

Of Milton's school-days Mr. Masson, in his voluminous life of the poet, says,

Milton was at

St. Paul's

, as far as we can calculate, from

1620

, when he passed his

eleventh

year, to

1624

-

5

, when he had passed his

sixteenth

.

[extra_illustrations.1.262.1] St. Paul's Churchyard

[extra_illustrations.1.263.1] Paul's Cross

[extra_illustrations.1.272.1] St. Paul's School

[extra_illustrations.1.272.2] founded in 1512

[extra_illustrations.1.272.3] Erasmus

[extra_illustrations.1.273.1] Erasmus

[extra_illustrations.1.273.4] Fire of 1666 and was rebuilt by the Mercers'

[extra_illustrations.1.273.2] present edifice

[extra_illustrations.1.273.3] the modern one

[extra_illustrations.1.274.4] Title page 1682 Black Swan

[extra_illustrations.1.274.2] New St. Paul's Garden

[extra_illustrations.1.274.1] Apposition Day