Just outside on the north-east, we are in the sanctuary of , founded in the reign of Edward the Confessor by Ingelric, Earl of Essex, and his brother Girard. It had a collegiate church with a Dean and Chapter. When Henry VII. built his famous chapel, the estates of were conferred upon the Abbey of for its support, and the Abbots of became Deans of . Here the curfew tolled, at the sound of which the great gates of the city were shut and every wicket closed till sunrise.[n.222.1]  The rights of sanctuary filled this corner of London with bad characters, who for the most part employed themselves in the manufacture of false jewellery.

St. Martin's

Lace

St. Martin's

beads

rotting away piecemeal.

St. Martin's appears to have been a sanctuary for great disorders, and a shelter for the lowest sort of people, rogues and ruffians, thieves, felons, and murderers. From hence used to rush violent persons, committers of riots, robberies, and manslaughters; hither they brought in their preys and stolen goods, and concealed them here, or. shared and sold them to those that dwelt here. Here were also harboured picklocks, counterfeiters of keys and seals, forgers of false evidences, such as made counterfeit chains, beads, ouches, plates, copper gilt for gold, &c.Maitland.

At the crossways near the site of Paul's Cross now stands . From this there is of the most characteristic views in London, looking down the busy street of (or

Market-side,

Chepe,

There is a play of light and shade, a variety of outline, and an elegance of detail, in this, which it would be very difficult to match in any other steeple. There is no greater proof of Wren's genius than to observe that, after he had set the example, not only has no architect since his day surpassed him, but no other modern steeple can compare with this, either for beauty of outline or the appropriateness with which classical details are applied to so novel a purpose.-Fergusson.

No will look upon for the time without recalling the famous tale of John Gilpin-

Smack went the whip, round went the wheel, Were never folk so glad; The stones did rattle underneath As if Cheapside were mad.

Before the time of the Commonwealth, , with its avenue of stately buildings, and its fountains and statues dispersed at intervals down the centre of the street, cannot have been unlike the beautiful Maximilian's Strasse of Augsburg. Opposite the entrance of stood

the Little Conduit.

broken and defaced.

fastened and repaired,

saw the furious and zealous people demolish that stately cross in

Cheapside

.

the Great Conduit,

a remarkable work of engineering and the

first

of its kind in England of which we have any knowledge.

the Standard in Chepe,

During the reigns of the Henrys and Edwards, was frequently the scene of conflicts between the prentices of the different city guilds, in constant rivalry with another. They were always a turbulent set, and in the reign of Edward III. Thomas the Fishmonger and another were beheaded in Chepe for striking the august person of the Lord Mayor himself. The gay prentices of Chepe are commemorated by Chaucer in

The Coke's Tale

A prentis dwelled whilom in our citee- At every bridal would he sing and hoppe; He loved bet the taverne than the shoppe- For when ther eny riding was in Chepe Out of the shoppe thider wold he lepe,

The Builder, Sept. 18, 1875.

And til that he had all the sight ysein,

And danced wel, he wold not come agen.

On the left, divided by the great street of le Grand, are the buildings of the . Those on the west are from designs of . , ; those on the east, built -, from designs of --

who, if he never sunk below respectable mediocrity, has as little risen above it

Farther down (right) is the great pillared front of the , which was incorporated by Edward III. in , but had existed as a guild from much earlier times. The Hall, rebuilt by in , contains of the most magnificent marble staircases in London, leading to broad open galleries with pillars of coloured marbles. The ( ft. by and high) contains-

Northcote. George IV.

Hayter. William IV.

M. A. Shee. Queen Adelaide.

Hayter. Queen Victoria.

In the are-

Cornelius Jansen (one of the finest works of the master). A noble portrait of Sir Hugh Myddelton, 1644 (a goldsmith), who gave the New River to London. His hand is resting on a shell.

A poor portrait of Sir Martin Bowes (1566), the Lord Mayor who sold the tombs at Grey Friars, but interesting as having been presented to the Company by Faithorne the Engraver, as a proof of gratitude for having been excused the office of Warden, in consequence of the losses he had sustained in the defence of Basing House. It is evidently a bad copy by Faithorne from an original portrait.

In the are-

Allan Ramsay. George III. and Queen Charlotte.

The adjoining contains-

Hudson (master of Sir J. Reynolds). A very curious picture of Benn's Club-a jovial society of Members of the Company (Sir J. Rawlinson, Robert Allsop, Edward Ironside, Sir N. Marshall, W. Benn, T. Blackford) over whom Benn, a stanch old Jacobite, had sufficient influence to force them to go down to his house in the Isle of Wight and drink to the success of Prince Charlie. Given 1752.

The plate of the Goldsmiths' Company is naturally most magnificent. It includes the cup bequeathed by Sir Martin Bowes, out of which Queen Elizabeth drank at her coronation. In laying the foundation of this hall, in , a stone altar adorned with a figurs of Diana was found, confirming the tradition that the old was founded near the site of a pagan shrine.

The name of the next turn on the left, , is a corruption of

Guthurun's Lane,

The inhabitants of this lane, of old time, were gold-beaters.

At the entrance of the large thoroughfare opening from on the left, is a beautiful Planetree, marking the churchyard of St. Peter in Chepe, a church destroyed in the Fire. The terms of the lease of the neighbouring houses forbid the destruction of the tree, or the building of an additional story which may injure it.

Poor Susan.

At the corner of Wood Street, when daylight appears, Hangs a thrush that sings loud, it has sung for three years; Poor Susan has passed by the spot, and has heard In the silence of morning the song of the bird.

»Tis a note of enchantment; what ails her? she sees A mountain ascending, a vision of trees; Bright volumes of vapour through Lothbury glide, And a river flows on through the vale of Cheapside.

Green pastures she views in the midst of the dale, Down which she so often has tripped with her pail; And a single small cottage, a nest like a dove's, The one only dwelling on earth that she loves.

She looks, and her heart is in heaven; but they fade, The mist and the river, the hill and the shade; The stream will not flow and the hill will not rise, And the colours have all passed away from her eyes.

It is said that in the , rebuilt by Wren after the Fire, and rather picturesque with its projecting clock, is buried the head of James IV. of Scotland, the king who fell at Flodden, and whose body was recognised by Lord Dacre and others amongst the slain on the field of battle. The account which Stow gives of the after-adventures of the head is too curious to omit.

After the Battle of Flodden, the body of King James being found, was enclosed in lead, and conveyed from thence to London, and so to the monastery of Shene in Surrey where it remained for a time, in what order I am not certain; but since the dissolution of that house in the reign of Edward IV., Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk, being lodged and keeping house there, I have been shown the same body so lapped in lead, close to the head and body, thrown into a waste room amongst the old timber, lead, and other nibble. Since which time, workmen there,

for their foolish pleasure, hewed off his head; and Lancelot Young, master-glazier to her Majesty, feeling a sweet savour to come from thence, and seeing the same dried from all moisture, and yet the form remaining, with the hair of the head, and the beard red, brought it to London, to his house in

Wood Street

, where for a time he kept it for its sweetness, but in the end caused the sexton of that church to bury it amongst other bones taken out of their charnel,

Scotch writers maintain, however, that it was not the body of James IV. which was found at Flodden, but of another who fought in his dress to withdraw the attention of the English; and it is even asserted that the king escaped to Jerusalem, and died there.

The paltry semi-gothic , was built by , -, in the place of by Inigo Jones. The original church belonged to St. Alban's Abbey. Amongst the monuments lost with the old church is that inscribed-

Hic jacet Tom Short-hose

Sine tombe, sine sheets, sine riches;

Qui vixit sine gowne,

Sine cloake, sine shirt, sine breeches.

Attached to the pillar above the pulpit is an hourglass in a curious brass frame. These hourglasses, common enough in the and centuries to remind the preacher of the flight of time, are now very rare.

Matthew Paris says that St. Alban's, , was the chapel of King Offa.[n.229.1]  There is also a tradition that at the end of the street was the palace of the victorious Saxon king Athelstan, who slew the last king of Cumberland, buried on the pass between Keswick and Grassmere, under the great cairn which is still called from him

Dunmail Raise.

the street of nobles.

To the west of , in , is the , incorporated Henry VI.

On the south of , between and , stood the Mermaid Tavern, where a club, established by Ben Jonson in , numbered Shakspeare, Beaumont, Fletcher, Donne, Selden, &c., amongst its members.

What things have seen Done at the Mermaid; heard words that have been So nimble, and so full of subtle flame, As if that every one from whom they came Had mean'd to put his whole wit in a jest, And had resolv'd to live a fool the rest Of his dull life. Beaumont to Jonson.

Stow says that derives its name

from Fishmongers dwelling there and serving Friday's market.

At the north-east corner of this street was the celebrated Nag's Head Tavern, the fictitious scene of the consecration of Protestant bishops, on the accession of Elizabeth in .

It was pretended that a certain number of ecclesiastics, in hurry to take possession of the vacant sees, assembled here, where they were to undergo the ceremony from Anthony Kitchen, alias Dunstan, Bishop of Llandaff, a sort of occasional Nonconformist, who had taken the oaths of supremacy to Elizabeth. Bonner, Bishop of London (then confined in prison), hearing of it, sent his chaplain to Kitchen, threatening him with excommunication in case he proceeded. On this the prelate refused to perform the ceremony, on which, say the Catholics, Parker and the other candidates, rather than defer possession of their sees, determined to consecrate one another, which, says the story, they did without any sort of scruple, and Scorey began with Parker, who instantly rose Archbishop of Canterbury. The refutation of this tale may be read in Strype's Life of Archbishop Parker.-Pennant.

The next turn on the left is , once devoted to sellers of milk, where Sir Thomas More was born in ,

the brightest star,

that ever shone in that Via Lactea.

[ leads into , so called from the ancient court or of the Aldermen,[n.231.1]  now held at the .[n.231.2]  Here (left) is Wren's Jacobian . In the old church on this site Dr. John Owen, the chaplain of Cromwell, listened to the sermon which was the cause of his strong religious impressions. Edmund Calamy was appointed rector here in , and was ejected by the Act of Uniformity in , after he had attracted great crowds to the church by his sermons. He died years after and is buried beneath the pulpit. George, Lord Jeffreys, the cruel judge of the Bloody Assizes, who died in the Tower in , was removed from the Tower Chapel, , and

the shankbone of a man, wondrous great and large, measuring

twenty-eight

inches and a half, with the portrait of a giantlike person and some metrical lines.

has swallowed up . At the corner of and ,

the Swan with

two

Necks

St. Marie de Arcubus or Le Bow in West Cheaping; as

Stratford

Bridge, being the

first

built (by Matilde the queen, wife to Henry I.) with arches of stone, was called

Stratford

le Bow; which names to the said church and bridge remain to this day.

Court of Arches

On the right of the altar is a monument to Thomas Newton, Dean of and Bishop of Bristol (), with the inscription-

Reader, if you would be further informed of his character, acquaint yourself with his writings.

The steeple of Bow Church, feet in height, is, as we have seen, of Wren's best and most original works. Bow bells have always been famous, and people born within sound of Bow bells are called Cockneys. Pope says-

Far as loud Bow's stupendous bells resound.

Stow tells how in it was ordained by a Common Council that the Bow Bell should be nightly rung at of the clock. This bell (which marked the time for closing the shops) being usually rung somewhat late, as seemed to the young men, prentices, and others in Cheap, they made and set up a rhyme against the clock as followeth:--

Clerke of the Bow Bell, with the yellow lockes,

For thy late ringing thy head shall have knockes.

Whereunto the Clerk replying wrote:

Children of Cheape, hold you all still,

For you shall have the Bow Bell rung at your will.

Turn again, Whittington,

Lord Mayor of London,

Many last century writers have celebrated the Dragon on Bow Steeple--a familiar landmark to Londoners.

Dean Swift said, more than one hundred years ago, that when the dragon on Bow Church kisses the cock behind the Exchange, great changes will take place in England. Just before the Reform Bill of 1832, the dragon and cock were both taken down at the same time to be cleaned and repaired by the same man, and were placed close to each other. In fact, the dragon kissed the cock, and the Reform Bill was passed. Who can say there is no virtue in predictions after this?--B.R. Raydon's Table Talk.

Stow says that this church,

for divers accidents happening there, hath been made more famous than any other parish church of the whole city or suburbs.

hanged by the purse,

The balcony in front of the tower is a memorial of the old , or stone shed, erected on the north side of this church, whither the Henrys and Edwards came to survey all the great city pageants. A plot was discovered with the design of murdering Charles II. and the Duke of York on this very balcony during a Lord Mayor's procession. It was from hence that Queen Anne, in , beheld the last Lord Mayor's pageant, devised by the last city poet Elkanah Settle.

(on the left) now leads to the . Before its principal front the city pigeons are fed every morning, as those of Venice are in the Piazza S. Marco, and the smoky buildings are enlivened by the perpetual flitting to and fro of their bright wings. The pretty modern Gothic here (), adorned with statues of St. Lawrence and the Magdalen, commemorates the benefactors of St. Lawrence Jewry, and , . The adjoining cost , being the most expensive of all the city churches rebuilt by Wren. It is richly decorated internally, but devoid of beauty. The gridiron which serves as a vane on the spire commemorates the death of St. Lawrence. There is a monument here to Archbishop Tillotson ().

He was buried in the Church of St. Lawrence Jewry. It was there that he had won his immense national reputation. He had preached there during the thirty years which preceded his elevation to the throne of Canterbury. ... His remains were carried through a mourning population. The hearse was followed by an endless train of splendid equipages from Lambeth through Southwark and over London bridge. Burnet preached the funeral sermon. His kind and honest heart was overcome by so many tender recollections that, in the midst of his discourse, he paused and burst into tears, while a loud moan of sorrow arose from the whole auditory. The Queen (Mary) could not speak of her favourite instructor without weeping. Even William was visibly moved. I have lost, he said, the best friend that I ever had, and the best man that I ever knew. -Macaulay. History of England.

Wilkins, Bishop of Chester, the mathematician, is also buried here, with Sir Geoffry Boleyne of Blickling, Lord

The was originally built in the time of Henry IV. (), but it has been so much altered that, though the walls were not much injured in the Fire

Here it was that, after the death of Edward IV., while his sons were in the Tower, on , the Duke of Buckingham addressed the people, and after cunningly dwelling on the exactions of the late king's reign, denied his legitimacy, and, affirming that the Duke of Gloucester was the only true son of the Duke of York, demanded that he should be acknowledged as king.

In the was used for the trial of Anne, daughter of Sir William Askew of Kelsey in Lincolnshire, who had been turned out of doors by her husband ( Kyme) because she had become a Protestant. Coming to London, to sue for a separation, she had been kindly received by Queen Katherine Parr, and was found to have distributed Protestant tracts amongst the court ladies. In the she was tried for heresy, and on being asked by the Lord Mayor why she refused to believe that the priest could make the body of Christ, gave her famous answer-

I have heard that God made man, but that man can make God I have never heard.

It was also in the that the Protestant Sir Nicholas Throckmorton, a personal friend of Edward VI., was tried, , for participation in the Wyatt rebellion against Mary, and was acquitted by his own wonderful acuteness and presence of mind.

Here, on the other side, in , took place the trial of Garnet, Superior of the Jesuits in England. He had been

Among the other trials which have taken place here, have been that of the poet Surrey, in the time of Henry VIII., and of the poet Waller, during the Commonwealth.

( ft. long, ft. broad) has a glorious timber roof and vast stained windows of modern glass, through which streams of coloured light fall in prismatic rays upon the pavement. High aloft at the western extremity the giants Gog and Magog, which used to bear a conspicuous part in the pageant of Lord Mayor's Day, keep guard over the hall, and still look, as Hawthorne says,

like enormous playthings for the children of giants.

when they fall, London will fall also.

near the Giants in the

Guildhall

,

the Giant's Leap.

made the king uncertain whether to sit still and silent, or to pick up his robes and hurry into his private room.

Amongst the rooms adjoining the is the , a beautiful old chamber richly adorned with carving, and allegorical paintings by It is a room well deserving of preservation, having been rebuilt by Wren immediately after the Fire, and originally built in .

The contains a fine statue of George III. by . At the east end of the chamber is an enormous picture of the Siege of Gibraltar, , with Lord Heathfield on horseback in the foreground, by . Of the other pictures we may notice-

Alderman Boydell, a fine portrait, by Beechey.

Lord Nelson. Beechey.

The Murder of Rizzio. Opie.

The Death of Wat Tyler. Northcote.

Queen Caroline of Brunswick. Lonsdale.

Queen Victoria. Hayter.

Princess Charlotte. Lonsdale.

The Court of the has remains of a Gothic chamber of . It contains a noble picture of Charles Pratt, Lord Chancellor Camden, painted for the City in honour of his speech on the discharge of Wilkes from the Tower, by . The beautiful chapel of , adjoining the , built c. and rebuilt , was pulled down in , up to which time,

to deprecate indigestion and all plethoric evils,

No should omit to visit, by a staircase at the back of the Hall, the beautiful of , which survived the Fire. It is divided into aisles by clusters of circular columns of Purbeck marble, and is feet in length and in breadth. Maitland () mentions it as

the Welsh Hall,

From the east end of the a staircase leads to the Library, On the landing at the top are statues of Charles II. and Sir John Cutler, brought from the demolished in . The

the old curmudgeon made a demand of the pelf,

The handsome modern Gothic contains a very valuable collection of books-old plays, ballads, and pamphlets,

The , in a vaulted chamber, is open from

The Inscription about the Fire, from Pudding Lane.

The painted Statue of Gerard the Giant, from Gerard's Hall in Basing Lane, destroyed in 1852.

Roman pavement found at Bucklersbury, 1869.

The Foundation Stones of Old London Bridge and Old Blackfriars Bridge.

A number of curious old London Signs-St. George and the Dragon from Snow Hill; the Three Crowns from Lambeth Hill; and the Three Kings (Magi) from Bucklersbury. Here also is the famous Sign of the Boar's Head, erected in 1668, when the house was rebuilt after the Fire, to mark the tavern in East Cheap, the abode of Dame Quickly, the old place in Eastcheap, Henry IV., Act ii. sc. . beloved by Falstaff. Washington Irving describes how, having hunted in vain for the tavern, he found the sign built into the parting line of two houses which stood on its site.

An old Chimney-Piece from Lime Street, from the house of Sir J. Scrope (ob. 1493), rebuilt in the 17th century, where Sir J. Abney kept his mayoralty, 1700, 1701.

Returning to , , on the right, was formerly Soper Lane, from the makers of soap who inhabited it. After the Fire it became the resort of the

Pepperers,

The in contains a full-length portrait of Frederick, Prince of Wales, who was a saddler, by

At the corner of , No. go , was the engraver's shop of Alderman Boydell, celebrated

the Mercery

Richard Fishborne, mercer, a worthy benefactor,

1625

,

in the porch of the Mercers' Chapel,

in the rule of Saynt Austyn

Alle the lande that sometime was Gilbert Becket's, father of Thomas the Martyr,

Latimer mentions the woman

who, being asked by an acquaintance in the street where she was going, answered

To St. Thomas of Acres, to hear the sermon; for as she had not slept well the night before, she should be certain of a nap there.

At the Dissolution, Henry VIII. granted the Hospital, for a payment, to the Mercers' Company, incorporated in . The , rebuilt after the Great Fire , has good oak carving of that period: the helmet and sword of Lord Hill, a member of the Company, are

A story similar to that of Whittington and his Cat has existed in South America, Persia, Denmark, Tuscany, and Venice, and in several of these instances may be traced before and at the date of Whittington.[n.245.1]  Up to the time of Whittington the burning of coal in London was considered such a nuisance that it was punished by death. A dispensation to burn coal was made in favour of the times Lord Mayor, and it is believed that the fact that his coal was imported in the collier (catta) still called a cat, gave rise to the story in his case. Here also are-

Sir Thomas Gresham, said to be an original portrait.

Dean Colet (whose father was a mercer), the founder of St. Paul's School, the management of which he bequeathed to the Mercers.

A fine portrait of Thomas Papillon, 1666, who represented Dover in several parliaments. He was chosen sheriff for London by an immense majority of the citizens, but the Lord Mayor would not swear him in, Charles II.'s government having chosen their own sheriffs. Papillon issued his warrant to compel Sir W. Pritchard, the Mayor, to do his duty. For this he was brought to a state trial, condemned by Judge Jeffreys, and sentenced to pay a fine of £ 10,000. To avoid this he went into voluntary banishment at Utrecht, but returning with William III., was elected member for London, and bought the estate of Acrise in Kent.

Dick Whittington,

Flos Mercatorum,

The last street on the left of is ,

Let modest Foster, if he will, excel

Ten Metropolitans in preaching well.

The house of Sir Robert Clayton (

the fanatick Lord Mayor

a banqueting room wainscoted with cedar and adorned with battles of gods and giants in fresco,

[The street called leads into , which contains the , and where the ghastly gate of , adorned with skulls, commemorates its having been of the principal places of burial for the victims of the Great Plague. Over the gate is a curious carving in oak, representing the Last Judgment, much like that over the gate of St. Giles in the Fields, but

Bring out your dead!

corpse robbers,

never had the distemper at all, but lived about

twenty

years after it.

In , on the right of , Robert Bloomfield, the especial poet of the country, son of a tailor at Honington, in Suffolk, composed mentally his poem of the

Farmer's Boy,

nothing to do but to write it down.

Far down , on the right, is the founded by Henry VI. as the

Brothers and Sisters of the Gild of St. George,

Richmond Cup,

Owl Pot,

At the foot of the staircase are suits of armour of an officer and pikeman of the time of Charles I. Armour was. then going out of use, and, by the time of William III., the Company had fallen into utter decadence, but entirely revived after its union under Anne with the Company of Braziers, since which

We are

One

Make all sure,

In the are a beautiful steel tilting suit of the time of Edward VI.; some German swords with waved edges of the and centuries; some Flemish pictures representing the meat and vegetables of the Seasons from the old Treaty House at Uxbridge; and well-known picture of the entry of Bolingbroke into London with Richard II., engraved in Boydell's Shakspeare.

The contains-

A curious portrait of Roger Tindall, Master of the Company, , being his

counterfeit,

Tyme glides away.

One God obey,

Let Trvth bear sway,

So Tindal still did say.

Whatsoever thou dost, mark thy end.

Miller. Romeo's first meeting with Juliet, as a pilgrim in the hall of the Capulets.

A grant to the Company by Mary I., in which the then Clarencieux King-at-Arms appears in an illumination.

In the are-

Hamilton. Olivia as a page (in Twelfth Night) meeting Sebastian. Engraved in Boydell's Shakspeare.

Shackleton. George II. and Caroline of Anspach.

The forbidden Tilting Gauntlet (a great curiosity), suppressed as unfair, because it locked down, and the tilting spear could not be wrested from a hand thus protected.]

now melts into ,[n.249.1]  once entirely inhabited by Poulterers. In the old church of , dedicated to the daughter of the Saxon prince Merowald, destroyed in the Fire, was the tomb of Thomas Tusser (), author of described by Fuller as

successively a musician, schoolmaster, servingman, husbandman, grazier, poet, more skilful in all, than thriving in any vocation.

Here Thomas Tusser, clad in earth, doth lie,

That sometime made the points of husbandrie.

By him then learn thou maist; here learn we must,

When all is done we sleep and turn to dust.

And yet through Christ to heaven we hope to goe,

Who reads his books shall find his faith was so.

Several good modern buildings adorn Poultry. No. ,

Queen Anne Chambers,

, the last street on the right, derives its name from the Bukerels, a great City family of the century.[n.250.1]  Andrew Bukerel, Pepperer, was Lord Mayor from to , and held the office of farmer of the King's Exchange: he headed the equestrian procession of the citizens of London at the coronation of Eleanor of Provence. This was the great street of grocers and druggists; Shakspeare speaks of those who

smell like

Bucklersbury

in simple time,

The end of Poultry faces the , with Chantrey's fine equestrian in front of it. On the right is the , on the left the .

The was built by Sir Thomas Gresham, the great merchant-prince of the century. Under Edward VI. and Mary he had been employed as a confidential agent in obtaining subsidies from great foreign merchants, and under Elizabeth took advantage of his increasing favour to enforce the benefit of obtaining loans from wealthy Englishmen rather than foreigners. Treated with the utmost confidence by Elizabeth, he was made

Sir Thomas

The idea of the Exchange originated with Sir Richard Gresham, father of Sir Thomas, who wished to see English merchants as well lodged as those whom he had been accustomed to see in the magnificent Bourse at Antwerp. And how much something of the kind was needed in London we learn from Stow, who says,

The merchants and tradesmen, as well English as strangers, did for their general making of bargains, contracts and commerce, usually meet twice a day. But these meetings were unpleasant and troublesome, by reason of walking and talking in an open narrow street . . . being there constrained either to endure all extremes of weather, viz. heat or cold, snow or rain; or else to shelter themselves in shops.

The Exchange, therefore, was built as much as

pawn,

bahn

Exit tyrannus, regum ultimus, anno libertatis Anglia restitutae primo.

The Exchange was burnt in , and the statues which survived the fire were for the most part sold as lumber! The present building by , stately, though inferior to its predecessor, was opened in . It encloses a large cloistered court, with a statue of Queen Victoria in the centre. The statue of Charles II. by , which formerly occupied that position, is preserved at the southeast angle. The inscription on the pedestal of the figure of Commerce on the front of the building--

The Earth is the

Lord's, and the fulness thereof,

The busiest time at the Exchange, when it is most worth seeing, is from to P.M. on Tuesdays and Fridays. The eastern part of the building is occupied by , the great rendezvous of ship-owners, and all who seek shipping intelligence. The name originated in the early transaction of the business at Lloyd's Coffee House, at the corner of .

If you would wish the world to know, And learn the state of man; How some are high and some are low And human actions scan; If justly things you would arrange, And study human heart; Observe the humours of th« Exchange, That universal mart.

--Tom Brown. New London Spy.

Opposite the Exchange, on the right, we should notice an old (No. ZZZ, ), carved, painted green, and with unusually small panes of glass--as being the oldest shop of its class in the metropolis. It was established as a confectioner's in the time of George I. by a Mr. Horton, succeeded by Lucas Birch, whose son and successor, Samuel, became Lord Mayor (. ). His followers are of a different family, but wisely retain the old name of

Birch and Birch

On the right as we face the rises the , the palace of the King of the City, built from designs of in -. When erected, it was a very fine building, but it has been ruined by the removal of the noble flight of steps by which it was

Immediately behind the is Wren's masterpiece--the , commemorating in its name of the rivulets of old London,

the brook by the wall,

If the material had been as lasting and the size as great as

St. Paul's

, this church would have been a greater monument to Wren than the cathedral.

the great skill and care

the statue erected to Diva Mac-Aulae by her doating admirer, a former rector, which a successor of his most profanely pulled down.

, , commemorates the old townhouse of the Earls of Oxford.

We must cross the space in front of the Exchange to

The

Garden Court

,

Old Lady in

Threadneedle Street

The warlike power of every country depends on their Three pew Cents. If Caesar were to reappear on earth, Wettenhall's List would be more important than his Commentaries; Rothschild would open and shut the Temple of Janus; Thomas Baring, or Bates, would probably command the Tenth Legion; and the soldiers would march to battle with loud cries of Scrip and Omnium reduced Consols and Caesar. -Sydney Smith.

To the east of the Bank (entered from , ) is the , the

ready-money market of the world.

Behind the Bank is , the district of pewterers and candlestick-makers, said by Stow to derive its name from the loathsome noise made by these workers in metal. Here takes its name from the brassfounders, and from the manufacture of

tokens,

Petrus le Maire Aeques Auratus. AE. suae

88

,

1631

.

(named after Sir Nicholas Throgmorton, said to have been poisoned by Elizabeth's Earl of Leicester) is filled every afternoon with a busy crowd discussing the affairs of the Stock Exchange.

The , on the left, was built by in around a large quiet court, which is adorned with laurel-trees in tubs. A handsome winding staircase of coloured marbles, decorated with statues of Edward III. and Philippa, leads to the Banqueting Hall, which is adorned with the utmost magnificence that can co-exist with absence of taste. In this and the neighbouring rooms are many good portraits, but we should especially notice, in the Court Room,--

Zucchero. Mary, Queen of Scots, a full-length portrait. Her little son James VI, is painted with her, though she never saw him after he was a year old. The picture is said to have been thrown over the wall into the Drapers' Gardens for security during the Great Fire, and to have been found there afterwards amid the ruins, and never claimed.

Sir W. Beechey. Lord Nelson.

[n.222.1] Riley, p. 92.

[n.222.2] Strype.

[n.224.1] See the curious pamphlets entitled The Downefall of Dagon, or the taking downe of Cheapside Crosse, and The Pope's Proclamation, or Six Articles exhibited against Cheapside Crosse, whereby it pleads guilty of high-treason, and ought to be beheaded.

[n.226.1] Quarterly Review, cxc.

[n.227.1] Stow.

[n.229.1] In Vitis Abb. S. Albani, p, 50.

[n.231.1] Stow.

[n.231.2] Stow.

[n.236.1] See Stow, and Gough's Sepulchral Monuments.

[n.240.1] The Alderman's Court and the interesting pictures in the chambers adjoining the Guildhall may be seen upon application, when the rooms are not in use.

[n.241.1] Tom Brown, The New London Spy, 1777.

[n.243.1] See Herberts History of the Twelve Great Livery Companies.

[n.243.2] Weever's Funeral Monuments.

[n.244.1] See Milman's Annals of St. Paul's.

[n.244.2] Malcolm's Manners of London.

[n.245.1] See J. Timbs' Romance of London.

[n.246.1] Macaulay.

[n.247.1] St. Stephen's only cost £ 7,652 13s., while Bow Church cost £ 15,400.

[n.249.1] The name existed in 1317.

[n.250.1] It is sometimes derived from one Buckles; who was crushed to death hero while pulling down the Cornet Tower, an old building of Edward I.'s time, to enlarge his house.

[n.254.1] Pennant.

[n.254.2] See Spectator, No. 462.

[n.255.1] Fergusson.