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This thesis argues that there are structural and systematic connections between history and geography that create and influence the differences between the lived experiences of Black people living in the U.S. and those of White people living in the U.S. The patterns of residency that occur in the U.S. have a historical context, and it is vital to understand this context in order to understand the ... read moredistribution of demographics that we see today: race, socioeconomic status, health outcomes, etc. The history of Black people is at the root of how racism formed and took shape in America. By using public health data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), this thesis explores the importance of history and race, and what contribution these two factors might have towards generating the pattern that we see in adverse birth outcomes today. This thesis covers the topics of history of New York City, racial disparities in health, adverse birth outcomes and air pollution exposure, and environmental justice. I argue that the racial disparities we see in exposure to air pollution and incidence of adverse birth outcomes are due to institutional and environmental racism that persists today.read less
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