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Submitted in partial fulfillment of the degree of Master of Arts in Law and Diplomacy at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy. Social norms and traditions have an _��inner resistance_�� whereby members of any given community maintain certain behaviors to demonstrate belonging and membership. In this way, social practices become intractable, often even after the originating conditions ... read morechange. Many social norms are harmless_��e.g., the handshake, allegedly originating from conditions in which strangers offered their hands to show that they were unarmed. However, other social norms can damage mental and physical health, and remain entrenched in spite of campaigns for their elimination that emphasize human rights implications, health complications, and religious justifications. This paper addresses two such practices, female genital cutting (_��FGC_��) and breast flattening, and seeks to understand their emergence and proliferation by examining the implications of social norms, group decision-making, and cooperation and signaling game theory.read less
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